Creating memories after 10 years11/25/2023 When circadian timing is disrupted, then the biological clocks in different tissues can become uncoupled, resulting in a state of internal desynchrony that can have negative impacts on memory creation and health ( Foster et al., 2013). In turn these clocks co-ordinate most 24-h activity including physiological, metabolic, organ and brain functions, including wake/sleep and cognition. Circadian clocks are driven by complex genetic and neuroscientific processes. In the last 10 years circadian timing has been shown to have a direct impact on human disease, immunity, metabolism, and neurodegeneration ( Man et al., 2016 Musiek and Holtzman, 2016 Panda, 2016 Turek, 2016).Ĭircadian timing can also have a direct impact on human LTM and learning. Circadian 24-h cellular mechanisms are genetic, evolutionarily conserved, and found across all photosensitive forms of life ( Bass and Lazar, 2016). The fundamental role of circadian timing processes has been emphasized by the award of the Nobel Prize in 2017 in physiology or medicine to Hall, Rosbash, and Young for their discoveries of the genetic mechanisms that create circadian 24-h timing in drosophila and humans alike ( Bargiello et al., 1984 Siwicki et al., 1988 Hardin et al., 1990 Liu et al., 1992 Price et al., 1998). There are many stimuli that can trigger LTM but, in this review, we focus on spaced repetition leading to LTM of bodies of complex information, an essential process in learning. Memory processes in the initial 24-h cycle are critical in determining what is encoded into long-term memory (LTM) rather than left to fade in short term memory (STM). Social factors leading to mistiming wake and disrupting sleep can have a negative impact on these memory functions. The interplay of circadian, in-day and sleep neuroscience research are creating an understanding of making memories in the first 24-h that has already led to interventions that can improve health and learning.Ĭircadian cycles create the patterns of wake and sleep in which short and long-term memories are created. Circadian desynchronization, sleep deprivation, and memory consolidation in sleep are less well-understood, though there has been considerable progress in neuroscience research in the last decade. This time pattern is based on the intracellular processes required in synaptic plasticity. Research in the neuroscience of long-term memory (LTM) has demonstrated in-day time spaced learning patterns of three repetitions of information separated by two rest periods are effective in making memories in mammals and humans. In-day making memories of complex bodies of structured information in education is organized in social time and uses many different learning techniques. Synchronizing social time to circadian biology leads to better health and learning, as demonstrated in adolescent education. Social time and circadian time differences can lead to circadian desynchronization, sleep deprivation, health problems, and poor cognitive performance. In contrast, social time is determined by time zones, daylight savings time, and education and employment hours. Individuals have different circadian clocks depending on their chronotypes that vary with genetic, age, and sex. Circadian neuroscience has established biological time functions via cellular clocks regulated by photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. In the last decade advances in human neuroscience have identified the critical importance of time in creating long-term memories. 3Sociology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States.2Sociology and Applied Statistics Program, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States.
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